Словарь английских идиом

Опубликовано 05.03.2019 | Автор: admin

Словарь английских идиом. Идиомы для TOEFL

Идиома – это слово или фраза, которая имеет специальное значение, не в прямом смысле, а в переносном. Фразеологизм. Это такая метафора. Только люди, хорошо владеющие английским языком могут понять значение идиомы. Идиомы могут быть сложны в запоминании и они требуют времени и терпения в практике. В этой статье мы выучим более 400 идиом. Эти идиомы — современны и употребляются в ежедневной речи носителей английского языка. Они взяты из книги TOEFL Pocket Vocabulary издательства Kaplan 2018 года.

Данные идиомы подойдут людям, изучающим английский язык на уровнях Upper-Intermediate и Advanced, для студентов колледжей США и абитуриентов.

Словарь английских идиом

Идиома	Значение	Перевод	Примеры
Spur of the moment	Spontaneously or impulsively; without prior planning	спонтанно	They were supposed to stay home this weekend, but on the spur of the moment they decided to go camping instead
Elephant in the room	Something that is very apparent that no one is talking about	очевидное	We need to stop procrastinating and discuss the elephant in the room
With child	pregnant	беременная	She didn’t drink at the party because she is with child
Chicken out	To refuse to do something as a result of fear	струсить	He’s not coming climbing with us; he’s chickened out, because he hasn’t done it in a while.
Across the board	To affect everything within in a group	Во всех областях	She got great grades across the board of her subjects
Abide by (the rules)	To accept and follow (a law, ruling etc.); to comply with	Подчиняться, соблюдать	Both companies claim the right to sell the product, but they will abide by the judge’s decision
Carry on (doing smth)	To continue	продолжать	The book was so interesting that he carried on reading it after the end of study hall. They will carry on with the dance lessons until they master the tango.
Test the waters	To check the likelihood of success before proceeding	Прощупать почву	Before announcing their new initiative, the politicians tested the waters by conducting polls to access the likely public response
Pan out	to yield good results; to turn out well	Приносить результат	she has had several job interviews, but nothing has panned out yet.
account for (something)	To explain; to provide an explanation for	объяснять	the police asked him to account for the missing money. The full moon accounts for the exceptionally high tide today.
Give it away	to reveal (information that was supposed to be kept secret)	Выдавать (тайну), рассказать о секрете	the party was supposed to be a surprise, but my little sister gave it away.
follow suit	to do the same; to follow the example set by someone else	Последовать примеру	she decided to skip the tournament and the rest of the team follow suit. (a reference to card games in which all players must play a card of the same suit as the one led by the first player)
grow out of (something)	1. to become too large for something; to outgrow 2. to develop on the basis of something	1. Вырасти из (одежды) 2. Перерасти во что- то	1. she gives your son’s clothes to charity when he grows out of them 2. this book grew out of a series of lectures I gave last year
Back up (data)	to make an electronic copy (of a computer file etc ) as security in case the original is damage or deleted	Сохранить копию данных	The power outage wasn’t a problem because he had already backed up the files on the computer
Know the ropes	to understand how things are done in particular place	Знать досконально	to succeed in a new job, ask someone who really knows the ropes to train you Hence, to show someone the ropes means “The show someone how things are done “ (a reference to sailing ships with complicated ropes and riggings)
Back (someone) into a corner	To put (someone or oneself) into a position where there is no way out and no room to maneuver	Загнать в угол	His political opponents try to back him into corners so that any position he took would cause him to lose support. She has backed yourself into a corner by setting the standards so high that no one- including her -can meet them
have second thoughts	to reconsider	Передумать, сомневаться	After I saw the reading list, I had second thoughts about taking the class
Look after (a child)	to take care of	Заботиться о	He looks after his little brother after school every day
look forward to (an event)	to anticipate (something) with pleasure	Ждать с нетерпением	I’m looking forward to the concert next week
look into (something)	to investigate; to seek information about	Расследовать, изучать, искать информацию о	we are looking into buying a camper for our summer trip
cut (a person) some slack	to give someone a break, to be understanding	Давать поблажку	My boss knew that I was going through a hard time, so when I missed the deadline he cut me some slack
First-rate	of high quality	первоклассный	The accommodations in that hotel your first- rate
Touch base with	check in with	Связаться с	Even if my manager is having a busy week, he always makes time to touch base with me and catch up on the project work
Off base	Missing the point, not understanding	ошибочный	I don’t think she watched the news program properly; the conclusions she drew were way off base
keep (one’s) options open	to avoid doing anything that might rule out a future course of action	Повременить с решением, рассмотреть все варианты, держать варианты открытыми	She’ll probably matriculate to State University but she’s keeping his options open until she has gotten a response from all of the schools, she applied to
Bring (the facts) home (to someone)	to make (the reality of something) clear	Донести суть	This book finally brought the complexity of the issue home to me
Bring (new information) to light	to reveal; to uncover	Пролить свет на	Their study brought to light some long- forgotten manuscripts
See the light	to finally realize something after serious consideration	Прозреть, начать понимать	I thought he would never agree with me but eventually he saw the light
look up	to show signs of improvement	улучшаться	She had more tests done and the doctor say her health is looking up
look (something) up	To seek information about something in your reference	Найти информацию (в словаре, интернете)	She looked up the words I didn’t know in a dictionary
look up to (someone)	to have respect and admiration for someone	Равняться на, восхищаться	He had always looked up to his uncle, who was a teacher
Give (someone) free rein	to put your restrictions on the behavior of (someone)	Дать свободу действий	The new teacher gives the students free rein to study whatever they want (A rein Is a strap used to control the horse while riding)
Rein (someone) in	to control (someone’s) behavior closely	Держать в узде	Whenever she began to stray from the task our supervisor reined her in
Give (her story) the benefit of the doubt	to assume that (a person or statement) is truthful until proven otherwise	Дать кредит доверия, поверить на слово	His alibi is suspicious, but let’s give him the benefit of the doubt until we know more
Hold (one’s) own	To perform reasonably well in a challenging situation	Неплохо справляться	The other runners in the race are much more experienced but she’s holding her own and will probably finish right in the middle
hold (one’s) tongue	to stay silent; to refrain from speaking	Придержать язык	He was upset and wanted to say something, but he held his tongue
Bring (something) to mind	to be reminiscent of (something); to remind	Напоминать о чем- то	This dish brings to mind a meal I once had in Paris
Set the record straight	to correct a false story; to provide accurate information	Внести ясность	The media initially reported that the escaped animal was a tiger, by the official set the record straight by announcing that it was a kangaroo
Use up (a resource)	to consume (something) completely	Израсходовать	I couldn’t brush my teeth this morning because my brother had used up a toothpaste
size up (the competition)	to evaluate or asses	оценивать, составлять мнение о ком-либо	The dogs growled and walked in a circle sizing each other up
back down	to give up, to walk away from	идти на попятный	he always had to prove how tough he was; he never backed down from a fight
back off	leave alone, let it be	отступать	she’s having a rough time; you should back off
seeing things	seeing something that is not really there	мерещиться	I could have sworn I saw him walk into his room 10 minutes ago, but he is not home. I must have been seeing things
Second nature	something that comes naturally	Вторая натура, что – то естесственное	After she gave birth, taking care of your son was second nature to her
have (one’s) hands tied	To be restricted; to be prevented from doing something	Руки связаны	I wish I could give you more information, but my hands are tied
lower the bar	to reduce standards so that it is easier to succeed	Понизить планку	When no one qualified under the original criteria, the admissions committee lowered the bar
Flare up	to erupt or break out; to recur	Вспыхивать, разгораться, разболеться	My doctor had said the rash on my knee was cured, but it flared up again
Ask after (someone)	to inquire about the well-being of someone	Поинтересоваться здоровьем	He heard your mother was in the hospital and called to ask after her
hold sway	To dominate; to have great influence	господствовать	The Dutch held sway in York until 1664, when the English took control
Go through with (something)	to perform (an action) as planned, to carry out	Довести до конца, придерживаться плана	We went through with our plan to have a picnic in spite of the rain
end up	to come eventually to a particular situation or place	Все закончилось тем что… Привело к	It ended up costing much more than we expected. After walking for hours, they ended up in the same place they started
Lay claim to (property)	to assert that one have the right to something; to claim ownership of	претендовать на что-либо	My sister always laid claim to the top bunk bed, so I was stuck on hthe bottom
Cross one’s mind	to occur to one	Приходить в голову	I’m so accustomed to flying that the possibility of driving home never crossed my mind
hold on to	to keep or retain	Держаться или оставлять	He considered selling his motorcycle, but he decided to hold on to it
hold out	To resist or endure in a challenging situation	Держаться, не сдаваться	Her doctor advised her to give up meat, and she held out for 6 months before giving in to temptation
Leave no stone unturned	to look everywhere; to attempt everything	Сделать все возможное, обыскать все.	We left no stone unturned in our search for the city’s best hot dog
cross paths	you meet by chance	Пути пересеклись, неожиданно встретиться	They crossed paths in Italy when they both happened to be vacationing there. She crossed paths with my sister in college
run into (someone)	to meet (someone) by chance	Столкнуться с кем-то	I had not seen him in months, but I ran into him at the supermarket last week
have (one’s) work cut out for	to have a lot of work to do in order to accomplish something	Придется попотеть	If she wants to finish this drawing before the art fair she has her work cut out for her
Get (one’s) act together	To prepare oneself to accomplish something; to get organized	Привести (себя) в порядок	We need to get our act together if we ‘re going to finish this by Friday
on occasion	sometimes	Изредка, порой	On occasion, I like to shop at the mall a couple of hours away because it has great sales
On the dot	at that exact time	Как штык, минута в минуту	We are meeting at 6:00 PM on the dot
Back to the drawing board	To start from the beginning	Начать с чистого листа	Our permit was not approved, so we need to go back to the drawing board
Third degree	intense interrogation	Допрос с пристрастием	When I arrived home late, my father gave me the third degree
drop by	to make a short, usually unannounced visit	заскочить	He dropped by for a few minutes last night
drop in on (someone)	make a short usually unannounced visit to (a person)	Заглянуть к	On the way home we dropped in on my grandmother to see how she was doing
have (one’s) hands full	to be very busy; to have a lot to do	Дел невпроворот, забот полный рот	She has had her hands full lately so she probably won’t be able to help you
go wrong	to cause a failure; to go amiss	Пойти не так, пойти наперекосяк	The experiment failed, but scientists still are not sure what went wrong
Err on the side of	to act in a reserved manner to prevent issue	перестраховаться	No one knows what level of pollutants is safe for fish, so it seems best to err on the side of conservation by stopping all pollution in the river
all kidding aside	to be serious	Шутки в сторону, кроме шуток	We like to make fun of mom’s cooking, but all kidding aside, this taste awesome
Take (one’s) time	to proceed slowly; to avoid rushing	Не торопиться, не спешить	I’m taking my time on this paper, since it is not due until the end of the semester
Tighten (one’s) belt	to take extreme measures in order to economize; to cut back	Затянуть пояса потуже	Our funding has been cut, so we’re going to have to tighten our belts and reduce the budget (A reference to lose weight from eating less, which might cause someone to need a smaller belt )
touch on (a subject)	To address (a topic) briefly	Затронуть, коснуться (темы)	The course will mainly cover the works of Jean- Jacques Rousseau. but it will also touch on some of his contemporaries, such as Voltaire and Diderot.
See eye to eye	To have similar opinions; to understand each other	Найти общий язык, сойтись во мнении, взглядах	They have almost nothing in common, but when it comes to baseball, they see eye to eye
have a say	do you have a degree of influence or power	Иметь право голоса	It is important for children to have a say in decisions about their activities. in a democracy citizen have a voice in their government
Cherry-pick	to take only the most desirable items available from among a selection	Выбирать, отбирать (самые сливки)	She sells the most cars because she cherry- picks the most promising customers, leaving the rest of us with reluctant ones
Do (someone) good	Do you have a beneficial effect on (someone)	Пойдет на пользу	He has seemed very stressed out lately; a vacation will do him good
Narrow down (a list)	To reduce the number of options in (a selection)	Сокращать	They started with a pool of 20 applicants, but the narrowed it down to 3 finalists
Draw a blank	to be unable to remember or respond	Потерпеть неудачу	I studied thoroughly for the test. but when I saw the first question, I just drew a blank
Do (one’s) best	to try as hard as possible	Делать все возможное	She didn’t get a perfect score, but she did her best and that is what really matters
Pull the plug	to end something	Покончить с	The principal pulled the plug on the old school lunch program, opting for a new, healthier alternative
Pull (someone’s) leg	to joke or trick someone	Сыграть шутку	I really thought he had failed his class, but he was just pulling my leg
six feet under	Deceased, dead	На том свете	I went to call her, but Martha told me she’s six feet under
Bend the truth	to alter or withhold information	Недоговаривать или привирать	He admitted he had bent the truth about the results of his test. He had not included the anomalous data
Throw down the gauntlet	to issue a challenge	Бросать вызов	The American colonists threw down the gauntlet to England in 1776 with the Declaration of Independence (A gauntlet is a type of armored glove, which would traditionally be thrown down by a medieval Knight in a challenge to an opponent. To accept the challenge, the opponent would pick up the glove; hence, to take up the gauntlet means “to accept the challenge”)
Throw in the towel	to accept defeat; to surrender	сдаться	We struggled for many years with our business, but we finally threw in the towel after realizing we needed to make major renovation
throw (someone) to the wolves	To leave (someone) to face criticism or challenges alone; to abandon someone	Бросить на растерзание	He claimed not to know anything about the scandal, and threw his assistant to the wolves
Fill (someone) in	to inform someone fully; to give someone the details	Ввести в курс дела	Lisa missed the meeting during which that was discussed, so someone will have to fill her in
Fill in for (someone)	To replace or substitute for	Подменить (кого- то)	I usually work on Mondays and Fridays but I’m filling in for Mark today
Take (someone’s) place	to replace or substitute for (someone)	Заменить, подменить ( кого- то)	the star of the play got sick, so the understudy took her place
Come to grips with (a challenging concept)	to become capable of dealing with or understanding	Разобраться с чем-то	many companies still have not come to grips with the new regulations
stay out of (a dispute)	to avoid getting involved in	Не вмешиваться, не лезть	The United States state out of the first World War until April of 1917
Wear thin	to become less effective due to overuse	Иссякнуть, исчерпан	You claim to have forgotten your homework at least once a week, so that excuse is wearing thin
Speak out (on the controversial issue)	to express one’s opinions openly	высказаться	It was nice to hear a politician speak out about the problems facing farmers today
Think up	to invent; to make up	придумать	or math teacher is always thinking up new ways to make sure we do our homework
take advantage of (someone or something)	1. To exploit (someone) 2. do utilize or avail oneself of (something)	пользоваться, эксплуатировать, воспользоваться возможностью	1.They had no interest in really being his friends; they were only taken advantage of him 2. She’s trying to take advantage of the many cultural experiences the city has to offer
carry out (orders)	to obey; to put into action	выполнять, исполнять	He carried out your instructions perfectly; everything is the way you wanted it
Meet (someone) halfway	To compromise with (someone)	прийти к компромису	We made several good offers, but she stubbornly stuck to her original price and refused to meet us halfway
Meet (one’s) match	to find one’s equal	найти достойного соперника	He’s a great chess player, but at yesterday’s tournament he finally met his match
Keep a low profile	to avoid getting attention or publicity	держаться ниже травы, тише воды	Like many celebrities, she started keeping a low profile after she had children

Словарь английских идиом

Словарь английских идиом

Еще больше идиом можно посмотреть здесь

1. Straight from the horse’s mouth — Прямо изо рта лошади
Значение: получение информации напрямую из самого надежного источника

Происхождение: Говорят, что оно датируется 1900-ми годами, когда покупатели могли определить возраст лошади, исследуя ее зубы. Вот почему вы не должны «смотреть лошадь в рот», поскольку осмотр подарка считается плохим этикетом.

2.Let the cat out of the bag — Выпустить кота из мешка
Значение: ошибочно раскрыть секрет

Происхождение: вплоть до 1700-х годов, включая уличное мошенничество, оно включало в себя замену ценных свиней менее ценными кошками и продажу их в мешках. Когда кошку выпустили из сумки, джиг был на высоте.

3. Butter someone up — Умастить кого-нибудь
Значение: хвалить или льстить кому-то, обычно, чтобы получить услугу

Происхождение: Традиционный религиозный акт в древней Индии включал бросание масляных шариков в статуи богов в поисках удачи и их благосклонности.

4. Pulling someone’s leg — Потянув чью-то ногу
Значение: дразнить кого-то, обычно в шутку

Происхождение: Хотя потянуть за чью-то ногу в наше время очень весело, первоначально в ней описывалось, как воры обманывали своих жертв, чтобы ограбить их.

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